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1 altered information
Безопасность: изменённая информация -
2 altered information
Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > altered information
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3 altered information
s.información alterada, información manipulada. -
4 information
информация, сведенияАнгло-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности > information
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5 theory
теорияtheory of antigenic immaturity of conceptus — теория «иммунологического инфантилизма» плода, теория иммунологической незрелости плода
theory of globulines transporteurs — теория «транспортных глобулиновых молекул», теория Грабаря
beta-adrenergic blockade theory — теория блокады beta-адренэргических рецепторов ( теория патогенеза атопии)
Alberty-Baldwin theory — теория кумулятивного повреждающего эффекта, математическая теория иммунитета Олберти-Болдуина
altered antigen theory — теория «изменённого своего» (теория аутоиммунитета, основанная на возможности модификаций в специфичности аутоантигенных детерминант)
altered-self theory — теория «изменённого своего» (теория аутоиммунитета, основанная на возможности модификаций в специфичности аутоантигенных детерминант)
beads on a string theory — теория «бусин на нити» ( теория линейного расположения генов на хромосоме)
Border's theory — теория Борде (теория, объясняющая механизмы реакции антиген-антитело на основе принципов химической связи)
cellular defence theory — учение о фагоцитозе, теория ( иммунитета) Мечникова, клеточная теория иммунитета
cross-reactive antigen theory — теория перекрёстнореагирующих [родственных] антигенов (теория аутоиммунитета, основанная на перекрёстной специфичности между некоторыми бактериально-вирусными антигенами и тканевыми аутоантигенами)
dual recognition theory — теория «двойного распознавания» (гипотеза иммунологического распознавания, основанная на том, что T-лимфоциты имеют два вида рецепторов – для собственных антигенов гистосовместимости и для распознаваемого чужеродного антигена)
Flory-Stockmayer-Goldberg theory — теория реакции полимеризации, теория Флори-Стокмайера-Гольдберга
forbidden antigen theory — теория «запрещённых клонов» ( одна из теорий аутоиммунитета)
forbidden clone theory — теория «запрещённых клонов» ( одна из теорий аутоиммунитета)
framework theory — теория «решётки», теория реципрокной поливалентности, теория Маррака-Гейдельбергера
gene exclusion theory — теория исключения генов (теория биосинтеза антител, основанная на элиминации в эмбриогенезе некоторых сегментов иммуноглобулиповых генов)
germline theory — теория зародышевого пути, зародышевая [гаметическая] теория ( одна из теорий формирования разнообразия иммуноглобулинов)
idiotype network theory — теория ( идиотипической) сети Ерне
immune deficiency theory — теория иммунологической недостаточности (теория развития аутоиммунных болезней вследствие иммунологической гипореактивности)
immune system network theory — теория ( идиотипической) сети Ерне
immunologic theory of aging — иммунологическая теория старения, теория Вулфорда-Барнета
information theory — инструктивная [матричная] теория, теория шаблонов, теория Горовица (теория образования антител, основанная на инструктирующей роли антигена в выборе определённого клона антитело-продуцирующих клеток)
instructive theory — инструктивная [матричная] теория, теория шаблонов, теория Горовица (теория образования антител, основанная на инструктирующей роли антигена в выборе определённого клона антитело-продуцирующих клеток)
Jerne's theory — теория естественного отбора ( антителопродуцирующих клонов), клонально-селекционная теория ( иммунитета), теория Ерне
lateral-chain theory — теория боковых цепей, теория ( иммунитета) Эрлиха, «рецепторная» теория
lattice theory — теория «решётки», теория реципрокной поливалентности, теория Маррака-Гейдельбергера
Lederberg's theory — селекционная теория образования антител на субклеточном уровне, теория Ледерберга
lock-and-key theory — теория «ключа и замка», теория Фишера
Marrack-Heidelberger theory — теория «решётки», теория реципрокной поливалентности, теория Маррака-Гейдельбергера
Metchnikoff's theory — учение о фагоцитозе, теория ( иммунитета) Мечникова, клеточная теория иммунитета
minimum theory — теория минимальных постулатов ( объясняющая механизм распознавания антигенов на основе трёх постулатов)
monophyletic theory — унитарная [монофилетическая] теория ( кроветворения)
mutual multivalence theory — теория «решётки», теория реципрокной поливалентности, теория Маррака-Гейдельбергера
natural-selection theory — теория естественного отбора ( антителопродуцирующих клонов), клонально-селекционная теория ( иммунитета), теория Ерне
neoantigen theory — теория «изменённого своего» (теория аутоиммунитета, основанная на возможности модификаций в специфичности аутоантигенных детерминант)
occlusion theory — «окклюзионная» теория, теория Бойда (объясняющая механизм иммунопреципитации на основе физического слипания взаимодействующих молекул)
one-hit theory — теория уникального эффекторного ( повреждающего) сигнала, ( математическая) теория иммунитета Майера
one nonspecific signal theory — теория «неспецифического сигнала» ( теория антигензависимой активации B-лимфоцита)
percolation theory — перколяционная теория ( одна из математических теорий реакции иммунопреципитации)
plus-minus network theory — теория симметрии иммунных взаимодействий (напр. теория идиотипической сети Ерне)
polysaccharide inactivation theory — теория инактивации углеводов ( одна из теорий эволюции иммунологических механизмов)
reciprocal valency theory — теория «решётки», теория реципрокной поливалентности, теория Маррака-Гейдельбергера
recombinational germline theory — теория рекомбинации зародышевых сегментов генов ( иммуноглобулинов), теория Драйера-Беннета
sequestration antigen theory — теория «забарьерных» [секвестрированных] антигенов (теория аутоиммунитета, основанная на существовании скрытых от иммунной системы органных или тканевых аутоантигенов)
shared antigen theory — теория перекрёстнореагирующих [родственных] антигенов (теория аутоиммунитета, основанная на перекрёстной специфичности между некоторыми бактериально-вирусными антигенами и тканевыми аутоантигенами)
side-chain theory — теория боковых цепей, теория ( иммунитета) Эрлиха, «рецепторная» теория
single hit theory — «одноударная» гипотеза ( феномена иммунного гемолиза)
stem cell theory of tolerance — теория толерантности Медавара ( основанная на делеции клонов стволовых клеток в эмбриогенезе)
template theory — инструктивная [матричная] теория, теория шаблонов, теория Горовица (теория образования антител, основанная на инструктирующей роли антигена в выборе определённого клона антитело-продуцирующих клеток)
Thomas-Burnet theory — теория иммунологического надзора, теория Томаса-Барнета
trained enzymes theory — теория «инструктируемых ферментов» ( теория образования антител Барнета-Феннера)
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6 World War II
(1939-1945)In the European phase of the war, neutral Portugal contributed more to the Allied victory than historians have acknowledged. Portugal experienced severe pressures to compromise her neutrality from both the Axis and Allied powers and, on several occasions, there were efforts to force Portugal to enter the war as a belligerent. Several factors lent Portugal importance as a neutral. This was especially the case during the period from the fall of France in June 1940 to the Allied invasion and reconquest of France from June to August 1944.In four respects, Portugal became briefly a modest strategic asset for the Allies and a war materiel supplier for both sides: the country's location in the southwesternmost corner of the largely German-occupied European continent; being a transport and communication terminus, observation post for spies, and crossroads between Europe, the Atlantic, the Americas, and Africa; Portugal's strategically located Atlantic islands, the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde archipelagos; and having important mines of wolfram or tungsten ore, crucial for the war industry for hardening steel.To maintain strict neutrality, the Estado Novo regime dominated by Antônio de Oliveira Salazar performed a delicate balancing act. Lisbon attempted to please and cater to the interests of both sets of belligerents, but only to the extent that the concessions granted would not threaten Portugal's security or its status as a neutral. On at least two occasions, Portugal's neutrality status was threatened. First, Germany briefly considered invading Portugal and Spain during 1940-41. A second occasion came in 1943 and 1944 as Great Britain, backed by the United States, pressured Portugal to grant war-related concessions that threatened Portugal's status of strict neutrality and would possibly bring Portugal into the war on the Allied side. Nazi Germany's plan ("Operation Felix") to invade the Iberian Peninsula from late 1940 into 1941 was never executed, but the Allies occupied and used several air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands.The second major crisis for Portugal's neutrality came with increasing Allied pressures for concessions from the summer of 1943 to the summer of 1944. Led by Britain, Portugal's oldest ally, Portugal was pressured to grant access to air and naval bases in the Azores Islands. Such bases were necessary to assist the Allies in winning the Battle of the Atlantic, the naval war in which German U-boats continued to destroy Allied shipping. In October 1943, following tedious negotiations, British forces began to operate such bases and, in November 1944, American forces were allowed to enter the islands. Germany protested and made threats, but there was no German attack.Tensions rose again in the spring of 1944, when the Allies demanded that Lisbon cease exporting wolfram to Germany. Salazar grew agitated, considered resigning, and argued that Portugal had made a solemn promise to Germany that wolfram exports would be continued and that Portugal could not break its pledge. The Portuguese ambassador in London concluded that the shipping of wolfram to Germany was "the price of neutrality." Fearing that a still-dangerous Germany could still attack Portugal, Salazar ordered the banning of the mining, sale, and exports of wolfram not only to Germany but to the Allies as of 6 June 1944.Portugal did not enter the war as a belligerent, and its forces did not engage in combat, but some Portuguese experienced directly or indirectly the impact of fighting. Off Portugal or near her Atlantic islands, Portuguese naval personnel or commercial fishermen rescued at sea hundreds of victims of U-boat sinkings of Allied shipping in the Atlantic. German U-boats sank four or five Portuguese merchant vessels as well and, in 1944, a U-boat stopped, boarded, searched, and forced the evacuation of a Portuguese ocean liner, the Serpa Pinto, in mid-Atlantic. Filled with refugees, the liner was not sunk but several passengers lost their lives and the U-boat kidnapped two of the ship's passengers, Portuguese Americans of military age, and interned them in a prison camp. As for involvement in a theater of war, hundreds of inhabitants were killed and wounded in remote East Timor, a Portuguese colony near Indonesia, which was invaded, annexed, and ruled by Japanese forces between February 1942 and August 1945. In other incidents, scores of Allied military planes, out of fuel or damaged in air combat, crashed or were forced to land in neutral Portugal. Air personnel who did not survive such crashes were buried in Portuguese cemeteries or in the English Cemetery, Lisbon.Portugal's peripheral involvement in largely nonbelligerent aspects of the war accelerated social, economic, and political change in Portugal's urban society. It strengthened political opposition to the dictatorship among intellectual and working classes, and it obliged the regime to bolster political repression. The general economic and financial status of Portugal, too, underwent improvements since creditor Britain, in order to purchase wolfram, foods, and other materials needed during the war, became indebted to Portugal. When Britain repaid this debt after the war, Portugal was able to restore and expand its merchant fleet. Unlike most of Europe, ravaged by the worst war in human history, Portugal did not suffer heavy losses of human life, infrastructure, and property. Unlike even her neighbor Spain, badly shaken by its terrible Civil War (1936-39), Portugal's immediate postwar condition was more favorable, especially in urban areas, although deep-seated poverty remained.Portugal experienced other effects, especially during 1939-42, as there was an influx of about a million war refugees, an infestation of foreign spies and other secret agents from 60 secret intelligence services, and the residence of scores of international journalists who came to report the war from Lisbon. There was also the growth of war-related mining (especially wolfram and tin). Portugal's media eagerly reported the war and, by and large, despite government censorship, the Portuguese print media favored the Allied cause. Portugal's standard of living underwent some improvement, although price increases were unpopular.The silent invasion of several thousand foreign spies, in addition to the hiring of many Portuguese as informants and spies, had fascinating outcomes. "Spyland" Portugal, especially when Portugal was a key point for communicating with occupied Europe (1940-44), witnessed some unusual events, and spying for foreigners at least briefly became a national industry. Until mid-1944, when Allied forces invaded France, Portugal was the only secure entry point from across the Atlantic to Europe or to the British Isles, as well as the escape hatch for refugees, spies, defectors, and others fleeing occupied Europe or Vichy-controlled Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria. Through Portugal by car, ship, train, or scheduled civil airliner one could travel to and from Spain or to Britain, or one could leave through Portugal, the westernmost continental country of Europe, to seek refuge across the Atlantic in the Americas.The wartime Portuguese scene was a colorful melange of illegal activities, including espionage, the black market, war propaganda, gambling, speculation, currency counterfeiting, diamond and wolfram smuggling, prostitution, and the drug and arms trade, and they were conducted by an unusual cast of characters. These included refugees, some of whom were spies, smugglers, diplomats, and business people, many from foreign countries seeking things they could find only in Portugal: information, affordable food, shelter, and security. German agents who contacted Allied sailors in the port of Lisbon sought to corrupt and neutralize these men and, if possible, recruit them as spies, and British intelligence countered this effort. Britain's MI-6 established a new kind of "safe house" to protect such Allied crews from German espionage and venereal disease infection, an approved and controlled house of prostitution in Lisbon's bairro alto district.Foreign observers and writers were impressed with the exotic, spy-ridden scene in Lisbon, as well as in Estoril on the Sun Coast (Costa do Sol), west of Lisbon harbor. What they observed appeared in noted autobiographical works and novels, some written during and some after the war. Among notable writers and journalists who visited or resided in wartime Portugal were Hungarian writer and former communist Arthur Koestler, on the run from the Nazi's Gestapo; American radio broadcaster-journalist Eric Sevareid; novelist and Hollywood script-writer Frederick Prokosch; American diplomat George Kennan; Rumanian cultural attache and later scholar of mythology Mircea Eliade; and British naval intelligence officer and novelist-to-be Ian Fleming. Other notable visiting British intelligence officers included novelist Graham Greene; secret Soviet agent in MI-6 and future defector to the Soviet Union Harold "Kim" Philby; and writer Malcolm Muggeridge. French letters were represented by French writer and airman, Antoine Saint-Exupery and French playwright, Jean Giroudoux. Finally, Aquilino Ribeiro, one of Portugal's premier contemporary novelists, wrote about wartime Portugal, including one sensational novel, Volframio, which portrayed the profound impact of the exploitation of the mineral wolfram on Portugal's poor, still backward society.In Estoril, Portugal, the idea for the world's most celebrated fictitious spy, James Bond, was probably first conceived by Ian Fleming. Fleming visited Portugal several times after 1939 on Naval Intelligence missions, and later he dreamed up the James Bond character and stories. Background for the early novels in the James Bond series was based in part on people and places Fleming observed in Portugal. A key location in Fleming's first James Bond novel, Casino Royale (1953) is the gambling Casino of Estoril. In addition, one aspect of the main plot, the notion that a spy could invent "secret" intelligence for personal profit, was observed as well by the British novelist and former MI-6 officer, while engaged in operations in wartime Portugal. Greene later used this information in his 1958 spy novel, Our Man in Havana, as he observed enemy agents who fabricated "secrets" for money.Thus, Portugal's World War II experiences introduced the country and her people to a host of new peoples, ideas, products, and influences that altered attitudes and quickened the pace of change in this quiet, largely tradition-bound, isolated country. The 1943-45 connections established during the Allied use of air and naval bases in Portugal's Azores Islands were a prelude to Portugal's postwar membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). -
7 ASC
1) Общая лексика: Accounting Standards Committee, Подкисленный хлорит натрия (Acidified sodium chloride)2) Компьютерная техника: American Satellite Company, access scheduling center, automatic setup computer, спутник связи компании Амсат3) Авиация: координатор аэропорта по вопросам обеспечения безопасности (Aiaport Security Coordinator)4) Медицина: Ambulatory Surgical Center5) Американизм: Assistant State Commissioner6) Спорт: Anti Spawn Camping, Arizona Ski Council, Азиатская Конфедерация по Стрельбе (Asian Shooting Confederation)7) Военный термин: ATCCS Steering Committee, AUTODIN switching center, AUTODlN Switching Center, Administrative Services Center, Advanced Systems Course, Aeronautical System Center, Air Service Command, Air Standards Coordinating Committee, Air Systems Command, American Security Council, American Standards Committee, Area Signal Center, Armed Services Committee, Army School of Cookery, Army Scientific Conference, Army Service Component, Army Service Corps, Army Signal Corps, Army Space Command, Army Space Council, Army Specialist Corps, Army Subsistence Center, Assistant Steering Committee, advanced ship concept, advanced simulation center, advanced surgical centre, advanced systems concept, air safety cell, air support control, aircraft service change, allowance source code, antisubmarine carrier, armored scout car, assets status card, assigned service contractor, automatic switching center, auxiliary store carrier8) Техника: Advertising Standards Council, aerospace systems center, analog signal correlation, anti-surge control system (of compressor), automated service center, automatic stylus changer, automatic submarine control, automatic switch center, automatic switching, automatic synchronized control, automatic system control9) Юридический термин: Always Stealing Cash10) Экономика: среднее потребление стали (average steel consumption, на душу населения)11) Бухгалтерия: Комитет по бухгалтерским стандартам (КБС; Великобритания, Accounting Standards Committee)12) Страхование: Azov Shipping Company13) Автомобильный термин: acceleration spin control, Anti-Slip Control, Adaptive shift control14) Сокращение: ASW Stressing Case (from ASW TLWR), Accounting Service Center (i.e. MASC), Aeronautical / Aeronautics Systems Center (USAF), Air Support Command (USAF), American Society for Cybernetics, Australian Submarine Corporation, Automatic Sensitivity Control, altered state of consciousness, auxiliary switch (breaker), American Society of Cybernetics, American Standard Code, automatic selectivity (sensitivity) control15) Театр: Additional Sense Code16) Университет: Asia Student Carnival, Asian Student Coalition17) Физиология: Ambulatory Surgery Center, Arteriosclerosis, Ascending18) Электроника: Adpcm Stereo C19) Вычислительная техника: Accredited Standards Committee, Apple sound chip, Authorized Support Center, advanced scientific computer, Automatic Contrast Selection (FAX), Accredited Standards Committee (organization, ANSI), American Society for Cybernetics (organization, USA)20) Литература: Achieve Speaking Confidence21) Нефть: anti-surge control system, authorization for construction services, automatic selectivity control22) Банковское дело: универсальный сберегательный сертификат (all savers certificate)23) Транспорт: Actuated Signal Control, Adaptive Speed Control, American Service Center, Office of System Capacity and Requirements24) Машиностроение: (Automatic Size Control) автоматический замер диаметра отверстия25) Фирменный знак: Assessment Systems Corporation26) СМИ: American Society of Cinematographers27) Инвестиции: all savers certificate28) Сетевые технологии: accounting and statistics center, Applications Strategy Council (Internet2)29) ЕБРР: agricultural service company31) Океанография: Acoustic Seabed Classification, Administrative Support Center32) Химическое оружие: Allowable stack concentration, Active Standoff Chamber33) Расширение файла: GROB Graphic Object Bitmap graphics Black and White ASCII (HP-48sx calculator), Armored encrypted file (Pretty Good Privacy)34) Нефть и газ: anti-surge control system of a compressor35) Электротехника: aluminum stranded conductor, automatic system controller36) Чат: Alt Smokers Cigars, Alt Startrek Creative37) СМС: A Sneezing Cow38) Музеи: Adventure Science Center -
8 asc
1) Общая лексика: Accounting Standards Committee, Подкисленный хлорит натрия (Acidified sodium chloride)2) Компьютерная техника: American Satellite Company, access scheduling center, automatic setup computer, спутник связи компании Амсат3) Авиация: координатор аэропорта по вопросам обеспечения безопасности (Aiaport Security Coordinator)4) Медицина: Ambulatory Surgical Center5) Американизм: Assistant State Commissioner6) Спорт: Anti Spawn Camping, Arizona Ski Council, Азиатская Конфедерация по Стрельбе (Asian Shooting Confederation)7) Военный термин: ATCCS Steering Committee, AUTODIN switching center, AUTODlN Switching Center, Administrative Services Center, Advanced Systems Course, Aeronautical System Center, Air Service Command, Air Standards Coordinating Committee, Air Systems Command, American Security Council, American Standards Committee, Area Signal Center, Armed Services Committee, Army School of Cookery, Army Scientific Conference, Army Service Component, Army Service Corps, Army Signal Corps, Army Space Command, Army Space Council, Army Specialist Corps, Army Subsistence Center, Assistant Steering Committee, advanced ship concept, advanced simulation center, advanced surgical centre, advanced systems concept, air safety cell, air support control, aircraft service change, allowance source code, antisubmarine carrier, armored scout car, assets status card, assigned service contractor, automatic switching center, auxiliary store carrier8) Техника: Advertising Standards Council, aerospace systems center, analog signal correlation, anti-surge control system (of compressor), automated service center, automatic stylus changer, automatic submarine control, automatic switch center, automatic switching, automatic synchronized control, automatic system control9) Юридический термин: Always Stealing Cash10) Экономика: среднее потребление стали (average steel consumption, на душу населения)11) Бухгалтерия: Комитет по бухгалтерским стандартам (КБС; Великобритания, Accounting Standards Committee)12) Страхование: Azov Shipping Company13) Автомобильный термин: acceleration spin control, Anti-Slip Control, Adaptive shift control14) Сокращение: ASW Stressing Case (from ASW TLWR), Accounting Service Center (i.e. MASC), Aeronautical / Aeronautics Systems Center (USAF), Air Support Command (USAF), American Society for Cybernetics, Australian Submarine Corporation, Automatic Sensitivity Control, altered state of consciousness, auxiliary switch (breaker), American Society of Cybernetics, American Standard Code, automatic selectivity (sensitivity) control15) Театр: Additional Sense Code16) Университет: Asia Student Carnival, Asian Student Coalition17) Физиология: Ambulatory Surgery Center, Arteriosclerosis, Ascending18) Электроника: Adpcm Stereo C19) Вычислительная техника: Accredited Standards Committee, Apple sound chip, Authorized Support Center, advanced scientific computer, Automatic Contrast Selection (FAX), Accredited Standards Committee (organization, ANSI), American Society for Cybernetics (organization, USA)20) Литература: Achieve Speaking Confidence21) Нефть: anti-surge control system, authorization for construction services, automatic selectivity control22) Банковское дело: универсальный сберегательный сертификат (all savers certificate)23) Транспорт: Actuated Signal Control, Adaptive Speed Control, American Service Center, Office of System Capacity and Requirements24) Машиностроение: (Automatic Size Control) автоматический замер диаметра отверстия25) Фирменный знак: Assessment Systems Corporation26) СМИ: American Society of Cinematographers27) Инвестиции: all savers certificate28) Сетевые технологии: accounting and statistics center, Applications Strategy Council (Internet2)29) ЕБРР: agricultural service company31) Океанография: Acoustic Seabed Classification, Administrative Support Center32) Химическое оружие: Allowable stack concentration, Active Standoff Chamber33) Расширение файла: GROB Graphic Object Bitmap graphics Black and White ASCII (HP-48sx calculator), Armored encrypted file (Pretty Good Privacy)34) Нефть и газ: anti-surge control system of a compressor35) Электротехника: aluminum stranded conductor, automatic system controller36) Чат: Alt Smokers Cigars, Alt Startrek Creative37) СМС: A Sneezing Cow38) Музеи: Adventure Science Center -
9 East Timor
Colony of Portugal from the 16th century to December 1975, with an area of 40,000 square kilometers (18,989 square miles). East Timor is located on the eastern portion of the island of Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. From 1975 to August 1999, when it was forcibly annexed and occupied by Indonesia, until May 2002, when it achieved full independence, East Timor was, in effect, a ward of the United Nations.In the 16th century, the Portuguese established trading posts on the island, but for centuries few Portuguese settled there, and the "colony" remained isolated and neglected. After the Dutch won control of Indonesia, there was a territorial dispute with Portugal as to who "owned" what on the island of Timor. In 1859, this question was decided as the Dutch and Portuguese governments formally divided the island into a Dutch portion (west) and the Portuguese colony (east) and established the frontier. From the late 19th century to World War I, Portugal consolidated its control of East Timor by means of military campaigns against the Timorese tribes. In addition to colonial officials, a few Portuguese missionaries and merchants occupied East Timor, but few Portuguese ever settled there.East Timor's geographic location close to the north coast of Australia and its sharing of one island in the Dutch colony catapulted it into world affairs early in World War II. To forestall a Japanese invasion of Timor, a joint Dutch-Australian expedition landed on 17 December 1941; the Portuguese authorities neither resisted nor cooperated. In February 1942, when Japanese troops landed in Timor, the small allied force fled to the hills and later was evacuated to Australia. Japan occupied all of Timor and the remainder of the Dutch East Indies until Japan's surrender in September 1945. Portugal soon reassumed control.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, East Timorese nationalist parties hoped for rapid decolonization and independence with Lisbon's cooperation. But on 28 November 1975, before a preoccupied Portugal could work out a formal transfer of power, the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor (FRETILIN), then in control of the former colony's capital, declared independence, and, on 7 December 1975, Indonesian armed forces swiftly invaded, occupied, and annexed East Timor. In the following years, a tragic loss of life occurred. Portugal refused to recognize Indonesia's sovereignty over East Timor and claimed legal sovereignty before the United Nations.As Indonesia persistently and brutally suppressed Timorese nationalist resistance, world media attention focused on this still remote island. Several sensational international and Indonesian events altered the status of occupied East Timor, following the continuation of FRETILIN guerrilla resistance. In November 1991, world media disseminated information on the Indonesian forces' slaughter of East Timorese protesters at a cemetery demonstration in the capital of Dili. In 1996, two East Timorese, Bishop Belo and José Ramos Horta, each a symbol of East Timorese resistance and the desire for independence, shared the Nobel Peace Prize. Then, in 1998, in Indonesia, the Suharto regime collapsed and was replaced by a more democratic government, which in January 1999 pledged a free referendum in East Timor. On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held, and nearly 80 percent of the East Timorese voters voted for independence from Indonesia.However, Indonesian armed forces and militias reacted brutally, using intimidation, murder, mayhem, and razing of buildings to try to reverse the people's will. Following some weeks of confusion, a United Nations (UN) armed forces, led by Australia, took control of East Timor and declared it a UN protectorate, to last until East Timor was secure from Indonesian aggression and prepared for full independence. East Timor had changed from a Portuguese colony to an Indonesian protectorate/colony to a fledgling nation-in-the-making.The status of East Timor as a ward of the UN was made official on 25 October 1999, as the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor began to prepare the country for independence. Appalling conditions prevailed: 70 percent of the country's buildings had been destroyed and nearly half of the population of 800,000 had been driven out of East Timor into uneasy refuge in West Timor, under Indonesian control. A territory without an economy, East Timor lacked police, civil servants, schools, and government records.With UN assistance, general elections were held in the spring of 2002; the majority of parliamentary seats were won by FRETILIN, and José "Xanana" Gusmão was elected the first president. On 20 May 2002, East Timor became independent. World luminaries adorned the independence celebrations: UN secretary-general Kofi Annan, former U.S. president Bill Clinton, and other celebrities attended. But East Timor's travails continued with civil strife and uncertainty. -
10 WORM
"An optical disc that can be read and reread but cannot be altered after it has been recorded. WORMs are high-capacity storage devices. Because they cannot be erased and rerecorded, they are suited to storing archives and other large bodies of unchanging information."
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